Before you can start building disconnected apps you need to understand the concept of distributed data. By definition disconnected apps keep a copy of the data, and that copy has to be synchronized with the parent server from time to time. In order for that to work correctly the tables need to contain specific fields and the records need to be updated in specific ways.

It should be noted that the mechanism described here is specifically designed to be completely independent of the data store. If all the databases were in the same store (like say MS SQL Server) then it would be possible to use the replication built into that server to do the necessary synchronization. However as the data will be distributed to many different platforms (Windows, Web, iOS, Android etc) it is not possible to ensure that only a single data store is used. Equally this approach is not limited to any one programming language. NetTalk contains implementations in Clarion and JavaScript, but the system is language agnostic and so any program written in any language can join in, as long as it obeys some rules.

The logic behind these requirements are discussed below, but this is the checklist of requirements (for a Clarion app):

1. Each table needs a GUID field - type String(16)
2. Each table needs a GuidKey, marked as unique, on the GUID field.
3. Each table needs three TimeStamp fields, all of type Real, TimeStamp, ServerTimeStamp and DeletedTimeStamp. These should have external names of ts, sts and dts respectively.
4. Each table needs a ServerTimeStampKey key on the ServerTimeStamp field. The key is not unique.
5. Each table needs a TimeStampKey on the TimeStamp field. The key is not unique.
6. Whenever a record is updated, TimeStamp must be set to the current time stamp. In Clarion apps this is usually done with the NetTalkClientSync global extension template.
7. Whenever a record is updated on the parent server, ServerTimeStamp must be set to the current time stamp.

Remember the GUID field has two strict rules.

1. The contents of the field must NEVER be changed.
2. Any attempt to populate it using other data should be avoided. It should contain pure randomized characters.

GUID Field

TimeStamp field

ServerTimeStamp field

DeletedTimeStamp field

CreatedBy field

UpdatedBy field

While time stamps are necessary in order to compare records, and choose the later record, the actual measurement of the time is very arbitrary. In order to provide a generic system, that can be used across many platforms and programming languages, Unix Epoch time is used. However Unix Epoch time is typically measured in seconds, whereas NetTalk allows for milliseconds. If sub-second timings are not required, or available, then multiply the Epoch time by 1000.

Data is independent of time zone, therefore all time stamps are relative to UTC regardless of the local time zone where the data is added, updated or deleted..

The data type used will vary depending on the platform and language. A type which can contain integer numbers in the range 0-4 000 000 000 000 should be tolerated. (This allows for the system to work until at least 2095.) In Clarion the best type for this is a REAL which easily exceeds this range.

All NetTalk objects expose a method, GetElapsedTimeUTC(), which returns the current time stamp (measured as the number of milliseconds since Jan 1, 1970.)

Here are some examples;

• Clarion
  ts = glo:SyncDesktop.GetElapsedTimeUTC()
• JavaScript
  ts = Date.now();

1. Add a Globals data section
2. Add a variable, st, to this section. Set the type to STRINGTHEORY
3. Start with one table, and add all the fields (GUID, TimeStamp etc). You can cut and paste all the fields from this table to the other tables, so it's worth getting them perfect before doing that.
4. Set the Guid field, Initial Value, to Glo:st.MakeGuid()
5. For the timestamp fields be sure to set the external names (to ts, sts and dts).
6. For the Guid and all the TimeStamp fields go to the Options tab and tick on Do Not Populate.
7. For the TimeStamp field go to the Options tab and enter an Option called TimeStamp, with the value 1. Do the same for the ServerTimeStamp and DeletedTimeStamp fields, setting their options to ServerTimeStamp and DeletedTimeStamp respectively.
8. Add a Key on the Guid field, a key on the TimeStamp field, and a key on the ServerTimeStamp field to the table. (At the time of writing it was not possible to cut & paste keys between tables, but future versions of Clarion may be able to do that so test to see if it does.)

It is common in data design to create constraints on data where one field "must exist" in another table. For example in a LineItems table you may place a constraint that the InvoiceGuid field (which identifies the parent invoice record) "Must be in File" for the Invoice table. Thus creating an explicit constraint that the parent record (Invoice) has to be added to the database before the child record in the LineItems table can be added.

Data distribution as described in this document does not make this constraint impossible, but having this constraint does make the system more complex and leads to other potential problems. Specifically the order of table synchronization becomes important, and each table has to be completely synchronized before another table can be synchronized.

As an aside, in a Clarion application (regardless of backend), the "Must be in File" constraint slows down the ADD to a child table enormously, so it's a very expensive constraint there. In a SQL application the constraint is a lot less costly, but will cause the problems mentioned above. For this reason it is recommended that this constraint be removed from systems which support data distribution.

Consistency is the concept that all the instances of the database have the same data.

A disconnected / synchronization system, is by nature not always consistent. There are times when the mobile device is disconnected from the network and so has a possibly old version of the database. Since the program is reading from the local data store the value returned is the last known correct value, but this may differ from a value elsewhere in the network.

The system however is eventually consistent. Meaning that once all data stores have synchronized with the server, they will ultimately end up with the same version of the data.

Consider for a moment the nature of a transaction. It provides an atomic wrapper around multiple writes to the database, ensuring that if any write is made, all writes are made and if all writes cannot be made then none is made.

The key phrase in that sentence is the - as in the database. How then do transactions occur when the database you are writing to is a local data store, and not necessarily the main data store? Log based replication systems are able to support transactions in the sense that the transaction frame can be written into the log file.

However a disconnected system, such as the one described above, synchronizes the end result, on a table basis, and does not replay individual writes, or maintain the order of the writes.

There are fundamentally two kinds of transactions.

• Multiple rows added to one, or more, tables. This is an Insert transaction - requiring that the whole set of records are inserted, or non are inserted.
• Data "moved" from one table to another - for example increasing a running total in one place, with a balancing decrease in a running total elsewhere. Think of this as an Edit transaction - one or more records are being edited to maintain some consistent state.

Insert transactions are not a problem. They are added to the local store using whatever mechanism the local store offers. They can be in one, or multiple, tables. When synchronizing all the records will be written to the server.

Edit transactions are more problematic. Consider a common case;
When selling stock of an item, the quantity of the item is set in the Invoice Line Item, and deducted from the inStock value held in the Products table.
In this case the inStock value is a running total and every edit or insert in InvoiceLineItem requires a balancing edit to this value.

This sort of transaction cannot be done in a distributed system, and indeed running total fields (or calculated fields) of this nature cannot be maintained using simple data synchronization.

One approach to solving this problem is not to write to the running total at all at the deice, but rather set the server to update this total as it updates the lineItems table. In other words move the maintenance of the running table to the server rather than doing it on the device.

Another approach is to calculate running totals, rather than storing them. So, rather than Edit records to indicate a change, Insert a record to a table so that the change can be recalculated at will.

Auto Numbering is a common approach to generating a unique ID field for each table in a dictionary. In most cases the auto numbered value is a surrogate value (ie does not correspond to any actual value in real life - it's just used as a unique ID) although in some cases it may be a natural value (which has meaning, for example an Invoice Number.)

Auto Numbered values are usually sequential integers - as each record is added the next ID is fetched from the server and used as the ID for that record.

Auto Numbering in order to create a unique identifier has a number of disadvantages, not least of which is the requirement that there is "one entity allocating numbers". In a distributed system it therefore cannot be used as a means to generating primary keys values, since multiple (distributed) systems can create records at the same time.

Auto Number can still be used for natural values (like invoices) with the proviso that they can only be allocated when the data reaches the (single) parent store. So multiple systems could add Invoices (using the GUID as the primary key) but the actual Invoice  Number is only allocated when the data is synced with the parent store.

Of course since the Auto Numbered value is a natural value, it should not be used as the linking field to any child tables. The GUID of the parent table should be used as the linking value.

1. A Postgres REAL only has 6 significant digits. So for the TimeStamp, ServerTimeStamp and DeletedTimeStamp fields use a BIGINT as the data type on the PostgreSQL side to accommodate the required values.

The following global templates are required;

• Activate NetTalk Global Extension
• NetTalk Global "Set Time Stamp Fields" template.
• Activate StringTheory Global Extension
• Activate jFiles Global Extension

The fields in dictionary need to be set as follows;

1. GUID field
   Set to a Random 16 character string when a record is created
2. TimeStamp field
   Set to the current time stamp when a record is created, updated, or "deleted".
3. ServerTimeStamp field
   Unaltered in the desktop program. In the server program (and ONLY the server program) is set to the current time stamp.
4. DeletedTimeStamp field
   If a record is "deleted" by a user then the DeletedTimeStamp is set to the current time stamp. The record is NOT deleted from the table, it is written to the table as an update. Browses (Reports, Processes etc) in the table would need to be changed so that records marked as Deleted are not included in the Browse or Report etc.

In order to be included in a disconnected (web or mobile) application, the table has to qualify. The following criteria are used;

1. The table has to have a GUID field.
2. The table has to have a TimeStamp, ServerTimeStamp and DeletedTimeStamp field.
3. The table does not have the user option NOSYNC=1

You can also control the specific tables exported in database.js using the Tables tab.

Most of the changes required to turn a "normal" Clarion ABC application into disconnected desktop application can be automated. The necessary changes to the timestamp fields and the changing of a Delete into an Update can be managed by a global template overriding the File Manager object.

However procedures that read the tables will need to be adapted. The tables will now contain records which are marked as deleted, and these records need to be filtered out from browses, reports, processes and so on where appropriate.

In the case of browses it may be desirable to offer the user a switch to show, or hide, deleted records - ultimately allowing them to be undeleted (by setting the deleted time stamp back to 0.)

Unique keys, other than the GuidKey, also need to be considered in the context of deleted records. For example, if there is a unique key on the Name column, and a Customer "Bruce" is deleted, then adding another customer (or the same customer) back with the same name will fail, even though no customer called "Bruce" appears to be in the table. Adding the DeletedTimeStamp as an additional component to these unique keys may suffice as a solution.

A Global Extension template, called NetTalkClientSync template can be added to ABC applications. If you are making a disconnected desktop application then you will need to add this template to the desktop app. If you are creating a disconnected web, or mobile, application then add this template to the web app. While you do not need to add it to the SyncServer app, it does no harm to have it in that app, if that app is shared with say the web app.

This template performs the following chores;

1. A global utility object called glo:SyncDesktop is added to the application. This object can be used to get the current time stamp. As in;
   glo:SyncDesktop.GetElapsedTimeUTC()
2. All the time stamp fields are updated appropriately when records are inserted or updated in any table. This is done in the FileManager object, so will apply as long as ACCESS:table.INSERT method is used for adding records (not just a file driver ADD or APPEND) and ACCESS:table.UPDATE is used instead of the file driver PUT command.
3. When a record is deleted, the DeletedTimeStamp is set, and the record is updated, not deleted. This works as long as the ACCESS:table.DELETERECORD method is used and not the file driver DELETE command.

Conceptually in any disconnected system there are at least two parts which need to work together, the client program and the server program.

In the case of a disconnected desktop system this usually means two separate apps, a desktop app, and a server app.

In the case of a web (or mobile) program though the server app can fulfill both the server role, and the client role. In other words in the web case the server part and the client part can be developed in the same app file.

The server app consists of a single NetWebService (usually called Sync) and a number of NetWebServiceMethods. Usually there is a single method for each table in the database. This application can be generated for you by the NetTalk Wizard. For more information on generating this application see the section Server for Disconnected Apps below.

You can then expand the Server app to include a web-client interface. This interface can be a normal web app, or a disconnected web app. If a disconnected web app then it can be packaged as a stand-alone mobile app as well.

If the data in the table is edited from a program not using the NetTalk Client Sync Template, then the rules for updating the Guid and Timestamp fields MUST be observed. This includes programs like TopScan, SQL Manager, and PROP:SQL statements that do direct writes to the database.

Use of this distributed data system specifically does not limit you to Clarion programs. Any program in any language can read and write to the data, using any appropriate technique, as long as the field rules are followed. Some samples of getting the time-stamp value in various languages are;

Creating the server for a disconnected app is very straight-forward because it's either completely automatic, or only minor changes to the wizarded app is required.

1. Create a new application as normal
   
   
   
2. Select the Dictionary file, and make sure the Application Wizard option is on
   
   
   
3. Select the Server App Wizard from the list
   
   
   
4. Click Next on the Wizard Welcome screen
5. On the What Do You Want to Create tab select Server API's to Sync Disconnected Data
   
   
   
6. On the Global Extensions tab select all the Required options (except for OddJob). Add the Optional extensions as desired.
   
   
   
7. On the Procedures tab set the items as shown
   
   
   
8. Select the Files to Sync. This will usually be all of them, or almost all of them.
   
   
   
9.  A Sync server is still a web server, and documentation for the API's is automatically generated. Select your preferred Application Theme Option. Click Next.
10. Select your preferred menu. Click Next.
11. Set the server options to not-secure, or secure. Click Next.
12. Set Header and Footer options. Click Next.
13. Set IndexPage options. Click Next.
14. Set the sync Service name. The default value is sync.
    
    
    
15. Click Finish to complete the Wizard.
16. You will likely see a message along the lines of the picture below. Click on Yes.
    
    
17. Your app will be created. This application is set up to be your Disconnected App Server. The only additional work will be normal new-app things, like setting variables to connect to the database (if SQL) and so on.

If you have an existing Sync app, and you add a new table to your dictionary then you will need to add a method for that table to your server app. To do this; Click on t

1. Click on the New Procedure button
2. Enter a name for the new procedure. The standard is to use the prefix sync and then the table name. This convention is necessary to make it easy for the client application to call the right procedure.
   
   
   
3. From the list of Wizards choose the ServerWebServiceMethodWizard. Then click on the Select button.
   
   
   
4. On the Method Procedure Options screen make sure the This is a Sync Method checkbox is on. Also select the table that this method will sync.
   
   
   
5. Click on the Finish button to complete the wizard.

The Sync server, and Sync client work well together. However if a very large number of records need to be synchronized [1] then this can place a large demand on the RAM used by both the server and the client. since 32 bit programs can use a maximum of 2 (or 3) Gigs of RAM this can develop into a problem.

Build 10.27 introduces support for "partial updates" which effectively update a limited number of records at a time, and then keep repeating the sync until all the necessary records have been sent. This reduces the memory used thus scaling better to more clients.

The exact mechanisms are discussed elsewhere, this section covers the changes needed to existing Sync procedures to support this new mode. There are two approaches to upgrading the procedures, the one you choose depends on the amount of customization (filtering etc) that you have added to the Sync procedures.

[1] Especially if the client initiates a Force Send All, or a Force Fetch All.

1. Rerun the Wizard

2. Manually add 2 new Parameters, and 2 new Return values to each method

Disconnected Desktop apps basically have a local copy of the data. The program itself is written to talk to this local copy pretty much like any Clarion desktop program would talk to any database.

Then a "Sync" procedure is added to the local program. This procedure synchronizes the local data with the remote NetTalk API "Sync" Server. That Sync Server then interacts with the server-side database.


This architecture is useful when the connection between the desktop program is either too slow, or too unreliable for direct connections to the main server in the cloud.

The key is in noticing that the desktop program, and the desktop data is completely unconcerned with the network connection. It is the responsibility of the sync procedure, which is running in a separate thread, or even a separate process, to communicate changes with the parent server, and to get changes made in the parent server back to the desktop.

This architecture is not limited to a single desktop data set. The following is also valid


Multiple different locations can synchronize with the same server.

A Sync procedure can be imported from the example desktop.app application. This example is in \clarion\examples\nettalk\
In order for data to flow between the desktop app and the server, a synchronization procedure is required. This procedure can be a background procedure in your application (ideal where a single user exists for the remote program) or as a separate program on the LAN. The sync procedure can be triggered by a timer (every few minutes or so) or it could be triggered by NetRefresh so that it synchronizes after every write.

If the desktop is unable to connect to the server then the desktop will continue working as normal, and the data will then be sync'd on the next working connection.

The Sync procedure is created as a simple window with the NetTalkClientSyncControls Control template added to it. This template requires the NetTalkClientSync global extension be added to the application.

The Sync procedure runs on its own thread and can be communicated with using events. The thread number of the procedure is stored in glo:SyncDesktop.ControllerThread

A Sync can be triggered at any point, by any thread, by simply posting Event:SyncNow to the Sync thread. If a Sync is currently underway then it will complete the current sync and do another full sync immediately afterwards. For example;

Post(Event:SyncNow, ,glo:SyncDesktop.ControllerThread)

The Sync itself is a fairly cheap operation with minimal overhead, so it can be called on a regular basis. If no data in a table has been updated on the server, or client, then it's a very small request and response for the server.

Note  the Sync Procedure will not create a table on the desktop app if it does not already exist. If you want the sync procedure to create the table, then add the table to the data pad for the procedure.

On Delete

Sync Procedure Template Options

Customizing the Sync procedure

Server-side Filtering

A disconnected web app is a web application where the browser can be disconnected from the network, but the web app itself continues to work. In other words a user can go to the web site (say via a Wi-Fi connection) start working, then walk away, out of Wi-Fi range. While out of range the app continues to work, and the user can continue to capture and edit data. Once the user is back in range, and connected to the server again, then the data is automatically synchronized.

The basic architecture for a disconnected web app is very similar to a normal web app, however there are some key differences;

• The app is created as a Single Page Application. This means that the browser will do a single FETCH to the web server, and will receive the entire application. Supplementary resources (CSS and JS) are also fetched at this time.
• The app does not interact with the server as the user uses the system. Rather everything is done on the client, and data is stored in the browser local storage. This means that embedding Clarion code in the server is not useful as the server code is not called. Embedding, where necessary, would need to be done in JavaScript.
• The synchronization of the data requires a Server for Disconnected Apps. In this server there will typically be one sync method for each table in the application. Once the web app is running on the device, the only communication with the server will be via the Sync methods.
• The Sync methods can be included in the same actual app file as the Disconnected Web App.

It should be noted that a web app can contain a mix of connected, and disconnected areas. In other words a single system can contain both a "normal" web app, as well as one or more "disconnected" apps. This leads to some flexibility in the way the application is designed.

Disconnected Web Apps make use of the HTML 5 feature called "Local Storage". This allows browsers to store information in a data store belonging to the browser, which in turn means the app can work when it is not connected to the network. Local Storage is supported in all the modern browsers with the notable exception of Opera Mini.

In iOS 5 and iOS 6 it's possible for data in the local storage to be cleared by the OS, so use of devices running those operating systems is not recommended.

IE7 and earlier is not supported. Use of any version of IE for disconnected web apps is not recommended as Local Storage under IE has a number of different behaviors compared to other browsers.

Because of the above differences it is very important that the design of the application be focused around what tasks the user will need to accomplish when using this app. It is probable that in many cases only a limited sub-section of functionality is required by a user when they are disconnected from the network. By clearly thinking through the tasks which you need to support, you will better be able to design the appropriate application.

1. Global Extensions, Activate NetTalk Web Server extension, Advanced tab. Tick on;
   Generate for Disconnected App is on.
2. Make sure the menu is set so that all the links are opened as Popup. Links set as Link or Content are allowed, but those links will not work if the browser is disconnected from the network (ie cannot access the server.)

The Application Cache Manifest file, while not absolutely required in order to do web apps, is a way of explicitly telling the browser which resources will be required by the app. This feature is supported all major browsers except for IE9 and earlier, and Opera Mini.

The application cache file is generated into the web folder as app.appcache where app is replaced by the name of your application. A Manifest attribute in the HTML of your root page tells the browser of the appcache file.

You do not need to do anything to turn this support on.

Because NetTalk now creates disconnected web applications, it is possible to take those web applications and repackage them into a native app format.

For example, using Adobe PhoneGap (which in turn is built on Apache Cordova), it is possible to wrap the HTML, CSS and JavaScript into a native application which then uses a native HTML control to show the HTML to the user. This application contains a mix of native code (eg ObjectC on iOS or Java on Android) and the HTML you have created. In addition frameworks like PhoneGap extend the JavaScript language to give the JavaScript engine access to the native operating system API, which in turn means you have access to the hardware, contacts list and so on.

Apps built in this way are sometimes know as Hybrid apps, because they combine the portability of HTML and JavaScript, with a minimal amount of generic native code to expose the underlying hardware and OS.

The big advantage of this approach is that multiple operating systems can be supported from a single code base. This makes it ideal for systems which need a mobile application, but which don't necessarily have the economic viability of re-coding the same app multiple times (especially for some of the more minor platforms.)

There are two disadvantages with this approach though. The first is raw performance. Because the code is HTML and JavaScript it does not have the raw performance of a native ObjectC or Java program. This makes it unsuitable for high-performance situations, like games. For data collection applications though performance is certainly good enough, and the responses are mostly quite snappy. The second disadvantage is that the interface can look, and behave differently to a native application. Using themes and good layout it is possible to mimic functionality to a high degree, but it will never be 100% the same.

Hybrid apps using PhoneGap can be added to the Apple AppStore but must still go through the Apple approval process just as any iOS app needs to do. As such it must conform to Apple's standards for design and usability. Apps can also be submitted to the Google PlayStore (which has a much lower set of standards and requirements.)

NetTalk generates the necessary file to make it easy to package the application using Adobe PhoneGap.

PhoneGap is an open source framework, currently owned by Adobe, which makes it easy to package hybrid applications. PhoneGap was released under an open source license as Apache Cordova. the current PhoneGap is an Adobe product, built on top of Cordova, which encompasses some extra tools.

PhoneGap supports a number of platforms including iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Blackberry, Bada, Symbian, webOS, Tizen, Ubuntu Touch and Firefox OS.

PhoneGap Build is an online platform that allows you to upload all your HTML, CSS and JavaScript and then does the heavy-lifting of turning that into a native iOS package or Android SDK. You don't have to use PhoneGap build, but it is certainly a convenient and reasonably cheap way to get started. You do not have to use PhoneGap Build, it is perfectly possible to create your own build environments, but it is a recommended way to start.

PhoneGap Build supports iOS, Android and Windows 8 as target platforms.

PhoneGap Build requires a configuration file, called config.xml, which contains information for the build system. This file is generated for you by mBuild.

Using NetTalk to generate Mobile applications using PhoneGap is the result of many NetTalk technologies working together.

• The database has to be designed to work is a disconnected way.
• A Server-side API app for synchronizing the data is created.
• A disconnected Web Application is created.
• The resources for the disconnected app are then packaged together and passed through the PhoneGap Build system. This is done for you by the mBuild utility.
• The resultant Android APK can then be downloaded and installed on Android devices. Similarly the iOS build can be installed on iOS devices and so on.

mBuild is a utility that ships with NetTalk Apps. It does the work of turning your disconnected web application into an APK, IPA or XAP file. For more on mBuild see the mBuild documentation here.

The following mobile device requirements are needed to run NetTalk Apps.
At this stage it's not known that these versions work, however it is known that versions before this won't work.
More information will be posted here when available.

• IPA File: iOS devices : iOS version 10.3 or later.
• APK File: Android 5 (Lollipop) or later (with Chrome 58 or later installed)
• Chrome Browser: Version 58 or later

If you have a web app then you can use this list to set it up to be a phone app ready for mBuild. This is a checklist of setup items, it doesn't comment on the content of the app itself.

1. Adjust the Dictionary to use the table layouts as discussed in Distributed Data Synchronization above.
2. Consider the addition of a Single Record Settings Table - you'll almost certainly need one.
3. Create the Server App. Make sure this app is served over HTTPS.
4. Go to the Global NetTalk Extension (Activate NetTalk Web Server)
   1. WebApps tab - Turn Off Pinch To Zoom should be on.
   2. Apps Tab - Set everything it needs here.
5. WebServer procedure - NetTalk extension - Settings / Defaults / Browse & Form . Layout Method to DIV.
6. Create favicon512.png and put into the \web folder.
7. Make sure the Phone app is served over HTTPS.
8. After mBuild runs make sure manifest.json is deployed to the \web folder

As the web, and mobile apps, have evolved, so a new class of application has appeared. The Progressive Web Application is a web app which conforms to a set of standard behaviors and rules. Once it does this it can be installed on a phone and will appear to the user as a native application.
Since we are already creating applications in NetTalk suitable for being published as a phone app, it is only a short path from there to creating a PWA. In effect you create your application and can then publish it as a PWA, Phone app, or (likely) both.

There are a number of advantages of a PWA over a Phone app.

• No approval by any App store
• No need for a user to download the App
• Very easy to roll out updates (since the app effectively checks for an update on each run.)

Phone apps still have a slight edge in being able to access the native OS directly and thus access certain things the PWA cannot.

In order to be a PWA a web app has to conform to a number of very specific requirements. The exact list is maintained at https://developers.google.com/web/progressive-web-apps/checklist#baseline and could be subject to change in the future.

The key requirements, and how they are managed in NetTalk is listed below.

Requirement	Handling
Site is served over HTTPS	NetTalk can serve HTTPS apps, and with LetsEncrypt support this process is free of any cost, is easy to do, and is maintained automatically.
Pages are Responsive	DIV Layout mode for Tables and Forms
All App URL's load while Offline	NetTalk generates a ServiceWorker.Js file into the \web folder to do this. (See Global Extension, apps, PWA tab.)
Metadata provided for Add to Home screen.	A manifest.json file is generated by mBuild and needs to be in the \web folder.
First Load fast (even on 3G)	NetTalk does this for you by implementing several speed optimizations under the hood.
Site works cross-browser.	NetTalk does this for you.
Page transitions don't feel like they block the network.	The app is a single-Page-Application, so no need for page transitions.
Each Page has a URL	The app is a single-Page-Application, so there is only the home URL.

From the above list you can see that many of these items are a side-effect of creating a phone app, and so there is no extra work to be done. There is an extra tab to setup on the global extension, and an extra tab to be completed in mBuild.

mBuild will generate a manifest.json file, this needs to be deployed into the \web folder when you deploy your web app.

The manifest.json file will include a reference to a png file, also in the web folder, called favicon512.png. You should create this icon and place it in the web folder. As the name implies the file is a PNG file, and is 512 x 512 pixels in size. If you fail to do this the server will serve defaultfavicon512.png in its place.

A new JavaScript file, ServiceWorker.Js is generated into the web folder. This needs to be deployed along with the rest of the web folder when deploying the application. This file cannot be moved into the \web\scripts folder.

Service workers are a special kind of JavaScript that runs in the browser and acts as a wrapper to the application. Many of the features necessary to make a PWA happen inside this file. The browser will aggressively cache this file, so replacing it can be tricky. It sometimes requires multiple loads of the site, or manual intervention in the browser developer tools, to refresh this file. Fortunately changes to this file should not be common.

The service worker also caches a number of other files from your site, which in turn can have implications when updating static files, especially js and css files. Be aware that 2 page refreshes may be necessary to see the latest content.

The Chrome browser contains a number of features in the Developer Tools window that make it easier to test and debug PWA applications. Most specifically an audit tab is available so a site can be tested to see that it conforms to all the PWA requirements.

In order to work in an offline state, the disconnected app makes use of local data storage on the device, which is then synchronized with the server from time to time. the name of the storage used is IndexedDB.

IndexedDB has a version number system. Certain types of changes require that the version number is incremented, whereas other types of changes do not.

You have 2 options when it comes to setting the dictionary version.
The first option is on the NetTalk global extension, Activate NetTalk Web Server, Apps / Tables tab. If the Dictionary Version is set here, to 1 or higher, then this value is used. If this is set to 0, then this value is not used, and the second option is used.

The second options is for NetTalk to take the version from the Dictionary Version number (Dictionary menu, show Properties Dialog).

Adding, or changing fields in a table does not require a version number change.
Adding, or changing relationships in the dictionary does not require a version number change.

Adding a table, or a key, does require a dictionary number change. Until this is done the table, and key, will not be available in the application on the phone.

Remember - if you add a new table to the dictionary that you wish to use in the mobile app and you are not including all the tables in the mobile app, then you will need to add the new table to the Tables List as well.

In a web application it is unnecessary for you to write custom JavaScript functions as the server is able to let you write your code in Clarion. In a disconnected application though all the code has to be written in JavaScript. While the templates will generate most of what you need, you will almost certainly get to a place where you want to make some small adjustment or add some code not currently generated by the templates.

To do this you will need to create a custom JavaScript file, and link that file into your application. Once that is done you are free to add to the file whenever you need to.

JavaScript files are simple text files, usually with the extension .js. They belong in your \web\scripts folder. You can name the file anything you like - something unique and related to the application is recommended.

Once you have created the file, add it to the WebServer procedure. It is added on the NetTalk extension, Settings / Scripts tab, in the scripts list. For now just add the new file to the list, and accept all the default settings for the file.

The most common use for a JavaScript function is to prime form fields when a form opens. On the template side NetTalk allows you to specify an expression for priming fields. You can prime fields on Insert, Change, Copy and you can also Assign fields on Save.

Since these expressions are language-specific, you will need to enter either, or both, Clarion and JavaScript values here. Also, the goal is to keep these expressions as simple as possible, which often results in a small Clarion Source procedure, or a small JavaScript function being used.

Some simple JavaScript functions exist in the NetTalk framework which may help in priming fields; (remember that JavaScript is Case Sensitive)

Expression	Description
clock(picture)	Returns the current time, as hh:mm:ss The picture parameter is not currently used.
getUTCTime()	The number of milliseconds since 1970/01/01:
today(picture)	Returns the current date, formatted using the picture parameter (which is a Clarion Date Picture).  If omitted then @d1 is used. Supported pictures are @d1, @d6, @d10.

Note also that the From Location sub-tab (on the Priming tab) can be used to prime fields with the current Latitude and Longitude. Fields to receive these values need to be on the firm, but they can be set as Hidden fields if necessary.

You can also write your own JavaScript function, add it to your custom.js, and call it from here.

Assign on Save

 

Priming from the Local Database on the device

In a web app there are multiple users using the same server, and so there is typically a record in a user table for each user. This table contains all the settings for a user.

By contrast, in a disconnected app it is often necessary to have a "settings" table for the user using that device. This is a single-record table, and contains important settings which allow the app to work.

Specifically it will likely contain one or more of the URL of the Sync Server machine, the User name and Password. Since it contains information needed to connect to the sync server, the Settings form needs to be functional without a connection to the server.

The application needs to be able to do the following;

1. Add a single record to the table if it does not already exist.
2. Prime the GUID field in the new record to a unique value.
3. Open a form to allow the user to edit the fields in this record (although the GUID of the record is not known at the time when the program is generated.)

Fortunately there is template support for a single record table, and this generates the necessary JavaScript to add the first record for you. The settings for this is on the Global Extensions, the "second" NetTalk global extension (Activate NetTalk Web Server), on the Apps / Settings Table tab. Enter the settings table here, as well as identify some common fields that might be in your table.

The above template settings take care of the first two requirements in the list. The last one is done when you open the form. Because the GUID of the row is unknown, the unique id value can be set to the special value, _first_. The form will then understand that you mean to edit the first row (in this case the only row) in the table.

One of the aspects of App development you will come across fairly early is identifying, and authenticating, the user who is using the app. Typically you will want to restrict access to the Web API to users using your app, or you may want to restrict the data being sent to the user based on who they are.

There are many ways to approach this, this document shows some possible methods, but it doesn't cover all the possibilities. Feel free to salt to taste as required.

The simplest approach is to make use of a Single-Record settings table, as described above. Make sure the table has a field to hold the user name and another field for the password. Then assign those fields in the global description.

If this is done then those fields are automatically used when making a sync request to the server. They are used to construct the HTTP Authentication header, using Basic Authentication. If done over a TLS (SSL) connection this is safe and secure.

On the server side, the authentication needs to be validated in the WebHandler procedure, in the Authenticate method. The user name and password will be passed in there and you can authenticate it there.

It is common when designing a database to distinguish between the display of the data and the storage of the data. For example a date is usually displayed as a string (3 Oct 2016 or 10/03/2016) but stored as a DATE or LONG type.

In order for this to work data has to be transformed when read from the database before being displayed, and after user entry, it has to be transformed again before being stored in the database. In Clarion this happens automatically, based largely on settings set in the dictionary. Since other languages do not have a dictionary this process becomes very manual, and has to be applied manually on a field by field basis.

For this reason it is suggested that the storage, and display, of the data be the same - at least at the mobile app end of things. The server side can then transform the data as required between a string and a local data type if desired.

This process is automated by the templates for the DATE and TIME field types, as well as for LONG fields set in the dictionary with a @D or @T picture. In these cases the field generated in the JavaScript is a String, not a number. For the Sync methods on the server the incoming data is automatically transformed back into the appropriate numeric (DATE, TIME, LONG) format.

In a regular web app field validation is done on the server. In a disconnected web app (or mobile app) there is no connection to the server so the validation has to be done on the client [1].

To make this possible each form field has a validation tab. On this tab is an option  onchange [js] which allows you to enter an expression, containing JavaScript code, which will execute on the client side when the field is changed. Typically this is a call to a JavaScript function in your custom.js file.

Note that at this time none of the other Validation settings are automatically applied to the app. So any, and all, validation must be done in your custom JavaScript code.

Note 1: Validation still needs to be done on the server side, in the sync procedure, because data from the client cannot be trusted. However validating it in the client will help "honest" users in the sense that their data will not be rejected.

On the Browse template, Filters tab, there's an option to set a server-side filter (in Clarion) or a client-side filter (in JavaScript).
This section describes how local data can be filtered when displaying it in a local browse.

Note: The easiest way to filter, is not to filter at all. In other words the need for a client-side filter should be minimal - ideally the device should only receive the data it needs, by filtering it in the relevant sync procedure. So if you find yourself "always" filtering, ask yourself if the data should be on the phone in the first place.

That said, it's not uncommon to filter at least some of the browses on the device, even when it's reading from local data.
There are some differences to the approach between Clarion and JavaScript filters though.

First thing to note is that the filter itself is written in JavaScript, not Clarion code. This would seem to be obvious, but is worth mentioning.

Second thing is that Clarion filters are designed to be used inside a VIEW prop:filter, which in turn treats them like a kind of IF statement. If the statement is true, the record passes.

In JavaScript the code needs to return a value. Permissible values are; recordOk, recordFiltered and recordOutOfRange. Remember JavaScript is case sensitive so these equates need to be used exactly as is. You don't have to return all these values, any one will do. recordOk means the record will be included in the result set, recordFiltered means it will not be included, but reading will continue, recordOutOfRange excludes this record, and any subsequent records.

In a JavaScript filter the fieldname is prefixed by record. . This means the "current value in this row" is being compared to something. for example;

'return record.paid ==1 ? recordOk : recordFiltered'

In the above expression the value in paid is compared to 1 (in JavaScript an equals comparison is two = characters). The ? is similar to a Clarion CHOOSE command - if the expression is true the first choice is used, if false the second. The choice are separated by a colon.

The most common filter compares the record to another field on the screen - presumably where the user has entered a value. For example;

'return record.date >= $("#cloFromDate").val() ? recordOk : recordFiltered;'

The cloFromDate field is an entry field on the form. In the above syntax, $("#cloFromDate").val() returns the current value of the field, as it's seen on the screen. Since the filter is inside single quotes (because on the server side it is treated as an expression - a string - it is handy to use double quotes when needing to quote things in the actual JavaScript.

The record prefix only applies to the primary table in the browse. If you wish to test the value of any secondary table fields then you must use the full database.tablename.record prefix there. Table names are always in lowercase. For example;

'return (record.date >= $("#cloFromDate").val() && database.leave.record.approved > 0)? recordOk : recordFiltered;'

Given that the filter is a function you can write a custom function in your custom.js file and call it from here as well. Just be sure to return one of the values specified above.

Note: As from build 9.18 the resultset property has been removed. Functions using resultset (idbSelect, idbSummary) should pass in a resultset parameter array instead.

The tables from your dictionary, and a number of helper functions, are generated into scripts/database.js. This file contains the table structures, as well as other information for each table. It also contains a number of properties for the database itself.

A global object called database is declared.
This contains a number of properties (such as synchost, user, password, and so on.) You can use these properties in your own code if you need to. For example;
var user = database.user;

It also contains an array of tables. One item in the array for each table used by your application. As it is an array each table has a number, but this number could potentially change if new tables are added to the system. Each table also has a name, and you can reference a table using this if you like. For example;
var sometable = database.tables[0]
JavaScript arrays are base 0.

Here's an example of code to loop through all the tables;

var j = 0;
for (j in database.tables){
    if(database.tables[j].name == 'customer'){
        sometable = database.tables[j];
    }
}

To make things a bit easier an alternate name is generated for you. Instead of referring to the table by its number in the array, you can refer to it by name. For example, for a table called customers;

sometable = database.customers.table;

As you can see this is the simplest approach if you are accessing a single table with a known name.

Each table has a number of properties (name, keys, relations and so on) but importantly it also has a record. This contains the individual fields that make up the data area of the table. For example;

somename = database.customers.table.record.firstname;

This can be shortened a bit to

somename = database.customers.record.firstname;

The record structure contains a single record in the table. This structure needs to be populated before any record is written to the table (using idbOne, idbWrite, idbAdd, idbPut, idbMarkDelete or idbDelete).

When reading a single record (idbGet) then the record is populated with the result of the read. If the record is not located then the record is unaltered.

When reading a group of records (idbSelect), an a onRecord function is used, then the record structure is populated on each call to onRecord. If an onRecord function is not used, then the record structure is not primed, but all the records are instead sent to the resultset parameter.  For example;





Calls to idbSelect which do not pass an onRecord function will have the result sent to the oncomplete function. You can then loop through the result set, inspecting each record as you go.

You can iterate through the result set;

var row=0;
for (row in resultset){
    database.customers.record = resultset[row];
  // do something here
}

Two utility functions are also provided. These are mostly used for debugging purposes.

database.tablename.view()

This sends the contents of the table to the browser debugging console as a pipe separated list. This allows you to see the number of records in the table, and also the contents of the table. You can use this function directly in the browser developer tools area.

database.tablename.empty()

As the name suggests this empties the table in the browser. Again, this is mostly useful for debugging purposes.

This will drive you insane: Bear in mind that if you are sync'ing data with a server then the data in the server will be re-fetched on the next sync. So if you empty the table locally either empty it on the server as well, or be prepared for the data to re-appear.

The reading and writing to the local data is done with a set of NetTalk JavaScript functions. These functions are located in scripts\nt-idb.js. If you wish to access the data directly from your own JavaScript code then you will want to make use of these functions, so they are documented here.